Classroom Management And Discipline Plan Education Essay

Study hall Management And Discipline Plan Education Essay Understudies must comprehend the practices that are anticipated from them. The understudies will enable the educator to make study hall administers the initial hardly any long periods of school. Every understudy will conceptualize and give a homeroom decide that they might want to incorporate. The understudy will give a standard or rules as the educator show them on the board and the instructor would merge the guidelines to 4 or 5 essential homeroom rules. This will give the understudies a feeling of association and acknowledgment in the class on the off chance that they help with the guidelines. The homeroom rules help keep the principles essentially and the understudies on task just as helping the understudy prevail in the study hall. Be well mannered and kind The educator will give a model for better comprehension of the standard, for example, no ridiculing and listen cautiously when others are talking. Regard others and yourself just as their property. This is a general guideline that all understudies need to comprehend. Return acquired materials, don't compose on work areas, get litter, don't utilize different people things without authorization. Talk just with consent. Dont talk when others are talking. This standard is another general principle that must be clarified, for example, when the instructor is giving guidance don't talk or interfere. On the off chance that you are in little gathering talk discreetly in the gathering and don't upset others. Comply with all school rules. This is a significant guideline that assists with general school rules, for example, no talking or running in the passage. It likewise proposes to the understudies that they should comply with all school rules. Prizes AND CONSEQUENCES Keeping up great understudy conduct requires great correspondence, checking and outcomes. Little youngsters are bound to keep a standard just by the instructor asking yet inspiration is a decent method to keep up fitting practices. Some of the time a hindrance is expected to keep away from negative practices of understudies. Prizes Positive input is an extraordinary inspiration for most understudies. Clarify what is anticipated from the understudies. Positive verbal commendation, for example, great job, approach to go, good thought. Positive composed remarks on papers, for example, stickers with truisms, for example, extraordinary employment, star understudy, and so on. Prize improvement Acknowledgment by giving honors or authentications. Show understudy work Material impetuses subsequent to gaining certain number of focuses, for example, pencils, stickers, erasers, different materials Additional break time for good work or gathering participation. Outcomes Depend on restorative criticism for battling understudies Discuss dissatifiacation with understudy conduct Fault System is totaled every day and week after week (Start over day by day) first infringement cautioning second infringement understudy will have extra composed work, for example, composing spelling words multiple times. third infringement loss of benefits fourth infringement referral to head/note sent home to guardians Understudy evaluations will be influenced, for example, decreases of evaluations for late, absent or deficient assignments. 4. On the off chance that the understudy carry things to class that are not permitted that thing or things would be seized. Beginning School First scarcely any long stretches of school, learning names of the understudies, instructing and sending messages. The initial not many days are a significant time particularly for homeroom the board. There are a few different ways the educator can set up the understudies for the executives. Understudies will feel increasingly good in the study hall if the learn other understudy names in the study hall and understudies understand that everybody has likenesses and contrasts. The primary objective of the school year is to get understudy participation with observing the standards and learning the guidelines and effectively finishing study hall assignments. On the off chance that the understudies feel great and welcome in the study hall they are bound to tune in and regard the instructor and different understudies in the homeroom. The following is a rundown of strategies to be utilized for the start of the homeroom exercises. Play a game that will help acquaint each other with the homeroom. For example, acquaint myself with the homeroom and inform a touch of something regarding myself to the study hall. At that point let understudies present the person in question and enlighten something extraordinary concerning themselves. What are my desires? Present my affection for music and clarify the various exercises that the understudy will be engaged with during the school year? What is the reviewing framework? Keep it basically. Help understudies with vulnerabilities and cause them to feel sufficiently great to pose inquiries, and so forth. Tell the understudy that I am accessible for them, being obvious, observing the study hall and telling them the class can have a fabulous time and still learn without disturbing others. B) Starting School First Day Activities Welcome understudies Welcome understudies and have unofficial IDs on every work area so the understudy will know where they are sitting. Presentation Brief presentation of myself Utilize a game to let understudies present themselves. Have work sheets or different exercises for understudies to finish after presentations. Room depiction Depict class timetable, for example, study hall time, noon, break, and so forth. Set a positive pace. Show systems, as they are required and bit by bit guidelines. Content Activities Give entire gathering guidance to the study hall. Plan exercises so understudies can succeed. Have additional exercises for understudies who finish early. Time fillers Be set up for the unforeseen Have thoughts prepared for the study hall, for example, gifts, work sheets, word puzzles, shading pages. Authoritative exercises Complete rundown of understudies for the move book, give out school handbooks and other administrative work for the understudies/guardians to finish and come back to class. Have reading material, messages, and structures for the understudies Materials or supplies agenda for every understudy Accessible gathering times and contact data Uncommon data Shutting exercises Put aside a couple of moments before the day's end and go over with the understudies before they leave a short audit of the day exercises and talk about with the understudies what they have realized, discovered troublesome, and loved about the day. Remark on understudies great work and great conduct to fortify desires and keep the tone position. C) Daily Schedule times, methods A rundown of every day exercises will be posted in the study hall just as week after week exercises for the understudies to comprehend what is normal. Timetable will include: Perusing This will incorporate language expressions, composing aptitudes Restroom break Math This will incorporate math work sheets and work with manipulatives Lunch/Bathroom break Library/PC lab/craftsmanship or music Social investigations Science Time to tidy up, prepare rucksack Time to leave D) Within class and week by week plan times for explicit exercises Since certain exercises will change inside the day by day calendar, for example, library, PC lab, craftsmanship and music it is critical to feature exercises that will change. Unique exercises, for example, bunch exercises with the school and various gatherings or clubs that will have exceptional occasions for the understudies will likewise be a change for the homeroom. School pictures, field trips just as different exercises will change your timetable. The every day plan as an instructor should be adaptable and prepared for the unforeseen. E) Procedures and schedules for crucial occasions and exercises Starting day, time frames Each day quickly survey significant materials and central focuses from the earlier day. Consummation day, durations Make sure that every understudy comprehend what they are required to learn structure the material and give the understudies time to pose inquiries. Advances inside day, inside class The class will follow the instructor signals and learn schedules for changing into entire gathering and little gathering guidelines. The study hall will likewise get comfortable with focuses and time for changes for lunch, library and different exercises. Arranging times Planning times will happen when school. Toward the evening to get ready for the following day, for example, ensuring materials that are required for the exercises are accessible. Materials areas, dissemination and assortment. The educator will have racks for books, cupboards/drawers for enormous materials, for example, paper, makes, math manipulatives, and so forth. Every understudy will have their own materials that are left at their work area, for example, pencils, paper, erasers, pastels or markers, singular dry eraser sheets, and so forth. The instructor will likewise have a middle that has additional pencils, colored pencils, scissors and different materials that would be required in the study hall. Assortment of homework would rely upon the action or task, for example, individual or gathering work. Singular work would be gathered and evaluated just as gathering fill in as suitable. Attendances, lateness , make - up work, and so on. The instructor will keep a move book of understudy and gauge participation day by day, lateness will likewise be noted . In the event that an understudy is missing, at that point the understudy will finish their homework inside 3 days after their arrival or as controlled by school strategy. On the off chance that understudies are nonattendance for expanded periods, for example, genuine injury or sickness or medical procedure for instance then the instructor would work with the understudy and their folks on a made to order essential or as dictated by school strategy, and so forth. F) Student responsibility frameworks Management and checking The educator will stroll around the room as essential for management and observing of homework. The understudies will be scattered for testing, for example, spelling, perusing, science and social investigations tests. In-class work Class work will be turned in day by day and evaluated by the instructor or with more established understudies they will self-grade a portion of their day by day work Schoolwork While acquainting new aptitudes with the understudies or the understudies need additional training then schoolwork will be sent home to help with further understanding. Bringing papers back Schoolwork and different papers will be returned every day or the following school day. Papers will be reviewed day by day and came back to the understudy so they will comprehend what territories they are doing great in and furthermore the regions that they have to chip away at.

Examine the difficulties involved in making international GDP per head Essay

Look at the challenges engaged with making global GDP per head correlations - Essay Example Substitute merchandise share comparable sort of impact on their interest and value (Sloman, Hinde and Garratt, 2010). For instance, a few nations use GDP for every head while others utilize Gross National Product (GNP) per head. Inside the financial matters setting, the two measures are utilized then again. Subsequently, it will be extremely hard to look at two economies in which one uses GDP for each head while different utilizes GNP per head. Furthermore, use sources additionally thwart the way toward doing a viable universal GDP for each head examination. Many created nations make use on wellbeing, instruction and innovation. Then again, creating nations like to spend on guard, security and other non-advancement parts of economy. Accordingly, such contrast likewise prohibits a sensible examination between per head GDP of two universal nations. Additionally, average cost for basic items, especially swelling, likewise makes it hard to think about per head GDP of two nations. For instance, Norway is known as the most costly nation in light of the fact that the pace of government charges is significantly higher. Then again, little expenses are yielded

How to Cope with Coming to the End of a Series

How to Cope with Coming to the End of a Series That feeling that sweeps or creeps over you as you read the last line in a long series of books is a bittersweet one. Theres a sense of accomplishment, for both the characters and yourself, at having made it to the end; a soothing understanding  that its not truly the end for any of youâ€"after all, the best books build a world that continues spinning whether its being written or read. And then theres the loss, the realization that youll never read new adventures, that these charactersâ€"though still reachableâ€"will not being moving forwards in any tangible way. This mess of emotions recently struck me hard. Cat Valentes five book Fairyland series (which, if youve read other articles of mine, you know Im obsessed with) has come to an end.  As I neared  the last page of the fifth book, my heart rate accelerated and tears (yup, not even joking) welled in my eyes. via GIPHY After all, this series was my first love when I became a bookseller. As a recent college-graduate, faced with the real world, September taught me to be  composed, confident, and strong  in the face of that oh-so-terrifying monster, Change. And even when one book was finished, another was always on the horizon. But I turned to the last page, read that last sentence, shut the book, and poured myself a nice glass of red wine. On my favorite reading chair, I cuddled my book and sipped my wine and savored the series Id spent my past two and half years in. I tried to ignore the Fairyland-less abyss that lay in my near future. But I couldnt stop myself from wondering now what? Whats a reader to do when the next book is never  coming? First, I say savor these warring feelingsâ€"the delight, the weepiness. Its not every book that gives you all the feels, much less a series of books. Ok, but life needs to move forward, right? The future may seem bleak, but there will be other books, series even, that make you feel this good. If youre not quite ready to move on, start the series over! After I finished that glass of wine and poured myself a second, I immediately picked up book one and re-read that first chapter. And I plan to re-read all the books very, very soon. A great series will always reveal something missed or forgotten in those earlier readings. via GIPHY As fellow Rioter Susie Rodarme suggests to readers  waiting for the next book in a series (lucky jerks), you can also write fan fiction. Just because the series author is ready to move on, doesnt mean you need to be. You could also read fan fiction; if you love these books, I guarantee theres someone writing fan fic on the internet who feels the same. You could form a support group! Are there any books written by the series author you havent read yet? Lucky for me, Valente is prolific and I havent nearly covered her entire oeuvre. If youve already ripped through their collected works, there may still be unread interviews, articles, or short fiction/essays on the internetâ€"Google that shit. via GIPHY Ok, so youve read everything that this author has written, spoken, collaborated on. But have you read the books they love and have been inspired by? I often find the writers I love recommend the best books. They might have mentioned a title/author in one of those interviews, maybe they have a Goodreads account you can (not creepily) stalk, or maybe theyre on Twitter and wouldnt mind recommending you something. Failing that, I guarantee there is a friend/librarian/bookseller/Twitter acquaintance who has read that series and can recommend something similar, but not so similar that you wish it were the same. (To Fairyland fans looking for a similarly strong female protagonist or other-worldly adventures, I recommend S.E. Groves  The Glass Sentence. For the older set, you may enjoy the language and magic of  Uprooted by Naomi Novik.) Finally, if youre certain that nothing can assuage the hole in your heart that the end of this series has created, I recommend reading something completely different. Perhaps right now no other book will measure up, and thats ok. You need time, not replacements. And maybe a hug. via GIPHY So what have you read recently that left you desperate for more, and how did you cope? Any Fairyland fans out there looking to join my support group? Well get through this, together.

University of Washington Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Washington is a large public research university with an acceptance rate of 49%. Located in Seattle Washington, the university is one of the top public colleges in the country. UW is a member of the Association of American Universities for research strengths and has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa for excellence in the liberal arts and sciences. In sports, the University of Washington is a member of the NCAA Division I Pacific Twelve  Conference. Considering applying to the University of Washington? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Why the University of Washington? Location: Seattle, WashingtonCampus Features: The largest university on the West Coast, the University of Washingtons attractive campus sits on the shores of Portage and Union Bays, and some locations have views of Mount Rainier. Spring sees the campus explode with cherry blossoms.Student/Faculty Ratio: 19:1Athletics: The Washington Huskies compete in the NCAA Division I Pac 12 Conference.Highlights: A highly-ranked public research university, the University of Washington has strengths that span a wide range of academic fields. Students can choose from over 180 majors. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Washington had an acceptance rate of 49%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 49 were admitted, making UWs admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 45,911 Percent Admitted 49% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 32% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of Washington requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 75% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 610 700 Math 630 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of UWs admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to the University of Washington scored between 610 and 700, while 25% scored above 700 and 25% scored below 610. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 630 and 760, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 760. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1460 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the University of Washington. Requirements The University of Washington does not require the SAT writing section. Note that UW participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. SAT Subject tests are not required at the University of Washington. ACT Scores and Requirements The University of Washington requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 40% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 25 34 Math 27 33 Composite 27 32 This admissions data tells us that most of UWs admitted students fall within the top 14% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to the University of Washington received a composite ACT score between 27 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements The University of Washington does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, UW superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the middle 50% of the University of Washingtons incoming class had high school GPAs between 3.71 and 3.95. 25% had a GPA above 3.95, and 25% had a GPA below 3.71. These results suggest that most successful applicants to UW have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Washington Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The​ admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the University of Washington. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of Washington, which accepts just under half of its applicants, has a selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. However, the University of Washington has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Note that the University of Washington does not use letters of recommendation in the admissions process. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside UWs average range. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent accepted students. As you can see, the majority of students who got in had an unweighted GPA of 3.5 or higher, an SAT score (ERWM) above 1050, and an ACT composite score of 20 or higher. Strong students can be rejected if they dont have high grades in challenging AP, IB, and Honors courses. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Washington Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Careers and Career Management Critical Thinking

To the extent that we all need to brand ourselves as part of a career strategy, how do you plan to solve the branding and differentiation problem? In order to take the most rational steps on one’s career ladder, some preparation should be made. Undoubtedly, Alan A. Andolsen in his article ‘Six Steps to Your Succesful Career Path’ provides readers with very useful pieces of advice which are most likely to lead a person to success when choosing a career. I personally absolutely agree with the fact that the only true way to great heights may be found after the appropriate self-assessment and defining your place in desirable career hierarchy.   What is more, networking may serve one a perfect tool for differentiation of the most coveted job as well as opportunities to gain it. As for me, first I am planning to research the career chosen inside out and then decide whether it suits me perfectly. If yes, I will do my best to compose an exhaustive resume and cover letter which might be a great advertisement of a person. My next step will be having an interview where I can prove everything I have written in CV and introduce myself in the best manner. For me it is like the market, where at first you advertise a product and then try to sell it for the highest price, assuring the customer in its quality.

Constant changes or reforms Free Essays

string(62) " seeking to better the quality of instruction for its people\." Education in Malaysia has gone through extended alterations throughout the old ages. These changeless alterations or ‘reforms ‘ are carried out with possibly merely one vision in head, and that is to better the current bing instruction and acquisition processs in schools and higher establishments of larning. Such action high spots the authorities ‘s endless attempts in seeking to better the quality of instruction for its people. You read "Constant changes or reforms" in category "Essay examples" We will write a custom essay sample on Constant changes or reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now After a decennary into the New Millennium, the instruction scenario is more pressed to set about even more betterments in seeking to get by with the demands and outlooks of instruction in the twenty-first century. We can no longer be satisfied with what we have, but alternatively there is a demand to constantly compare ourselves to that of more developed states, and this is particularly true with the field of instruction. This is to guarantee that our people will be able to vie internationally in this borderless universe. This is really much in-line with the vision of our longest-serving Prime Minister Tun Mahathir Mohammad. Tun, back in the 90 ‘s shared his vision and dreams for this state through â€Å" Wawasan 2020 † or Vision 2020. Harmonizing to his article â€Å" Malaysia on Track Vision 2020 † , as a physician he is attracted to the optometrist measuring of Vision 2020 which indicates 100 per centum perfect vision. He farther explains that Vision 2020 in relation to the hereafter of this state would be the quest for Malaya to hold clear vision of our hereafter as in where we want heading and what we want to be in the New Millennium. As Malaysia plans to transform into fully-developed state, instruction becomes the precedence of the authorities since it is one of the most powerful entities that would find the success or failure of the state. The hereafter of any state depends on its people. It is hence of import to guarantee that everyone is equipped with the necessary cognit ion, accomplishments and values to last in this extremely competitory and globalised universe which is impacted by rapid development in scientific discipline, engineering and information. The importance of instruction has become more overriding particularly in our State ‘s procedure of traveling from an economy-based on labour-intensive and lower-end manufactured merchandises to k-economy or knowledge economic system. The Ministry of Education ( MOE ) and The Ministry of Higher Education ( MOHE ) are two organic structures which are responsible in guaranting that state is traveling towards the specified mark. This is clearly outlined in the 2 cardinal pushs under the National mission ( â€Å" Mid-term Review of Ninth † , 2008 ) ; Thrust 2: to raise capacity for cognition and invention and raising foremost category outlook. Thrust 3: to turn to relentless socio-economic inequalities constructively and fruitfully. In line with the thrust towards developing the state ‘s K-Economy, the current economical tendency is to concentrate on the promotion and rise in accent on the country of scientific discipline and engineering. As a step to accomplish this vision, the authorities has adopted a holistic attack in Malayan instruction system by stressing on command cognition, rational capital and developing engineering and entrepreneurial accomplishments. Since scientific discipline and engineering play a major function in lending to a more developed state, the authorities seems to give more accent on instruction and larning procedure of scientific discipline in the primary, secondary and higher instruction. It is consistent with Malaysia ‘s purpose which to bring forth more experts in scientific discipline or in general to bring forth a future coevals of intellectuals. Therefore, as scientific discipline pedagogues, it is of import to be cognizant of the demand of the state. There is a demand to guarantee that the instruction and acquisition procedure is focused in bring forthing persons who fulfill the authorities ‘s aspiration. Hence, it requires instructors to hold passion, creativeness, intelligence and finding to do certain that the bringing of cognition is genuinely effectual. Among other things, methods in instruction, teacher ‘s cognition and public presentations are often being observed to guarantee that instructors remain first-class in their instruction. This is because ; instructors play a major function in guaranting the effectivity and the success of the existent bringing and execution of the Malayan course of study. Therefore, when be aftering a lesson, instructors need to be cognizant of the aims of the course of study by integrating good content values into the lesson, implement the course of study designed by the minis try and at the terminal of it all, assess the results of the course of study. But it is non plenty to concentrate merely on the instructor without looking at the relevance of the Malayan scientific discipline course of study, which really contributes to the success or failure of scientific discipline instruction. In fact, it is really a major issue that is invariably discussed among scientific discipline pedagogues and academicians in Malaysia. Is the Malayan scientific discipline course of study mensurable to that of the criterions of other states? This is pertinent inquiry that needs to be answered. Therefore it would be utile to compare Malayan scientific discipline course of study with other developed states in order to find the criterion of Malayan course of study. 1.1 Background of Study This comparative survey between the Malaysian scientific discipline course of study and the Steiner Waldorf in scientific discipline course of study was conducted chiefly to derive penetrations on the much-researched and discussed about Steiner course of study. Having experienced the Malayan scientific discipline course of study and after prosecuting an awards ‘ grade in scientific discipline instruction, the research worker is really familiar with the state ‘s scientific discipline instruction course of study, particularly issues refering to its content and pedagogical attack. However, the research worker is with the sentiment that new cognition of new educational course of study can be utile in guaranting better quality of scientific discipline instruction. This is of import in position of supplying the best in scientific discipline in the context of Malayan schools. In position of seeking to better the bing course of study it would be interesting to happen out the crit erion of Malayan scientific discipline course of study in comparing to other developed states. This is of import to guarantee that our pupils will be able to vie globally. Comparative survey of course of study across states provides background information about how to understand bing strengths and failings of the present course of study ( Moosa A ; Che Azura Che An, n.d ) . Therefore, this research can propose ways to assist pupils to execute in the topic of scientific discipline and besides assist scientific discipline instructors in their instruction. This is important as over the past few old ages, there have been a batch of jobs discussed about the Malayan scientific discipline course of study and the major portion of the treatment revolves around the instruction and acquisition procedure. As a consequence, it raised the research worker ‘s involvement to look into the affair so that the research worker could detect ways to better the Malayan scientific discipline course of study in order to make effectual lessons yet in gratifying environment for the pupils to larn scientific discipline. In Malaysia, the thought associated with scientific discipline instruction is intended to be in-line with bing policies which is specifically to fix pupils for scrutiny. There are a few officially recommended patterns for scientific discipline instruction such as constructivist instruction, command acquisition, scientific discipline procedure accomplishments, believing accomplishments, and metacognition, autonomous, self-paced and self-assessed acquisition and others that, if carried out decently can guarantee the successful and effectual lessons. Current thought in scientific discipline is looking towards a paradigm that is more inclusive of the diverseness that exists in our life-worlds ( Revathi, R et Al, 2003 ) . Science is besides perceived as a procedure of meaning-making and states such as the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa ( Aikenhead, 2000 ) are implementing scientific discipline learning attacks that incorporate scholars ‘ cultural and lingual beari ngs. For illustration the scientific discipline schoolroom needs to be one that is interesting and multi-discursive which permits the instructor and pupils to work together in making cognition. However, such an attack or a characteristic is non common in the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. The thought to bring forth a coevals that is ideally competent in scientific discipline seems hard and this seems to propose that there is demand for Malayan scientific discipline course of study to be reviewed. From the aims of the course of study to the issues of appraisal, everything becomes important and needs thorough reevaluation. The characteristics and map of scientific discipline discourse include explicating hypotheses, planing probes, roll uping informations, pulling decisions and pass oning consequences ( Chamot A ; O’Malley, 1994 ) and these are the accomplishments which are fundamentally being emphasized by the instructor in the schoolroom. Sadly, the application is non obvious in the pupils ‘ day-to-day life particularly in the context of Malaysia. By carry oning this research, the research worker hopes to be able to acquire some penetrations into the Steiner Waldorf course of study and the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. Having done this, it is hoped that the research suggestions may foreground bing spreads in curricular, pedagogical or other facets through comparing between Malayan scientific discipline course of study with Steiner Waldorf instruction. From the suggestions made, hopefully the instruction and acquisition of scientific discipline will be more effectual and more gratifying for the pupils. By holding a good clip in larning scientific discipline through effectual methods employed by the instructor, the research worker believes that it will assist pupils to execute better in all the scientific discipline topics and at the same clip get scientific cognition in a wider position. Apart from that, it will besides assist to bring forth all rounded pupils as outlined in the National Education Philosophy. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The Integrated Curriculum for Secondary School ( Kurrikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah, KBSM ) is the continuance of the New Primary School Curriculum ( Kurikulum Baru Sekolah Rendah, KBSR ) . This alteration in the course of study construction is the authorities ‘s scheme to switch the accent of instruction that existed in 1970s to a more modern-day holistic construct of larning that encompasses moral, spiritual, societal, physical, and rational development of a individual ( Rosnani.H, 2004 ) . In scientific discipline instruction, holistic instruction purposes to bring forth pupils who are able to associate the content that they learned in the schoolroom to their day-to-day life. It refers to their ability to utilize scientific thought and processes in a wider context so that it will foreground the effectivity of the KBSM which subscribes to the rules of womb-to-tomb acquisition. After holding informal interviews with a few seniors ‘ instructors and talks with scientifi c discipline instruction background, the research worker found out that Malayan scientific discipline course of study somehow does non back up the holistic instruction as being mentioned and fails to accomplish the intended results. The followers is the sentiment given by the senior lector who was interviewed by the research worker ; â€Å" My intuition is the general population of the pupils does non associate what they learn to everyday state of affairs because many surveies have shown that pupils do non like scientific discipline and they find scientific discipline isolated or make non tie in with them. So we can deduce from that the pupils do non related what they learned nor pattern their scientific attitudes. † ( personal communicating ) This is farther supported by the consequences of Trends in International Math A ; Science, TIMMS appraisal in scientific discipline taken by Malayan pupils in 2003. The TIMMS appraisal is designed to assist to better pupils ‘ acquisition in math and scientific discipline where the appraisal by and large focuses on the pupils ‘ mathematics and scientific discipline accomplishments. In the appraisal, our pupils scored an norm of 504 which exceeds the international norm of 474 ( Martin et al, 2004 ) and placed Malaysia to be at 19th out of 44 take parting states. The public presentation really is non genuinely impressive if compared to the public presentation of pupils from other developing states in Asia Pacific such as Singapore Chinese-Taipei and Republic of Korea. The line of statement is what are the facets that missing in Malayan pupils since those states secured the top 3 placing and hence have clearly performed better than our pupils. Another interesting penetration which the research worker gathered through informal interviews with the senior instructors and talks, every bit good as his personal experience as a scientific discipline pupil and in-service instructor is the fact that Malayan instruction system gives excessively much focal point on scrutiny. In order to last in the Malayan instruction system, pupils need to stand out in public scrutinies ( UPSR, PMR, SPM ) . Somehow the state of affairs affects learning and larning procedure which is a portion of the course of study. Teachers admitted that the focal point is merely to complete the course of study within the clip allocated by the school disposal. Through informal interviews with the pupils, the research worker besides discovered that pupils think it is easier for them to concentrate and fix themselves for the scrutiny alternatively of prosecuting in meaningful acquisition. The research worker besides found out that because of the demand to complete up the course of study, the lessons were non conducted decently by instructors. Teachers seldom make contemplations on their instruction. Even though the achievement of the aim and acquisition results are the measuring to a successful lesson in Malayan instruction system ; most of the clip, instructors do non hold effort to happen out whether their pupils have really acquired the specified acquisition results. An effectual scientific discipline schoolroom should be able to do pupils believe and treat the cognition received in the schoolroom. Ironically, the scenario does non go on in most Malayan schoolrooms. Because of the scrutiny affair, the research worker believes that instructors tend to pretermit their method in learning scientific discipline. In true fact, a scientific discipline category should be filled with interesting and variable activities so that pupils will bask the category. However, in worl d most science lessons, more frequently than non, are non merely field and dull but besides could kill pupils ‘ exhilaration in larning the topic. This is another concern of the research worker since there is a inclination that the state of affairs mentioned supra could do the pupils to lose involvement in larning scientific discipline. The Steiner Waldorf instruction is similar to the Malayan instruction system in footings of its accent on the development of human existences and in the proviso of holistic instruction. What is different is in footings of the execution and the effectivity of the course of study. Scieffer and Busse ( 2001 ) in their research discovered that the pupils from Steiner school did better than pupils in province school in United States. Other research ( Easton, 1997 ; Oberman, 1997 ; Uhrmacher, 1993b ) besides suggested a positive relationship between Steiner school instruction, larning and pupils accomplishment. Furthermore, research on Steiner instruction besides mentioned about consistence of Steiner pupils public presentation in National trial from 2000 to 2004. Ogletree ( 2000 ) in look intoing the originative ability among the pupils in England, Scotland and Germany through the usage of Torrance Test of Creative Thinking Ability ; found that by and large Steiner school pupils obtained significantly higher creativeness tonss than their province school equals. It really reflects the effectivity of the accent on creativeness in Steiner course of study. Jalinek and Sun ( 2003 ) in research that they conducted which aimed to compare the instruction in Steiner and mainstream schools revealed that, the Steiner kids who tested in logical logical thinking and scientific discipline activity which developed by TIMMS international comparative survey performed better than pupils from other schools. The scientific logical thinking of Steiner school pupils was found to be outstanding. The research suggested that the consequence of the trial is really influenced by the civilization of the Steiner instruction which taught less content to the pupils and the Steiner instruction itself creates less examination force per unit area to the pupils. Indeed, the Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study has its ain alone attack and method which proved to promote effectual larning. Such a state of affairs ceases to be in the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. It is with this job in head that the research worker has decided to ship on this comparative research survey with the hope to pull on some of the best patterns to be incorporated into Malayan schoolroom. 1.3 Research Aims The chief aim of the research is to compare the Malayan instruction and Steiner Waldorf instruction in scientific discipline course of study with regard to objective, content, execution or direction and the appraisal. In comparing both course of studies, the research worker want to happen out the features of Steiner instruction scientific discipline schoolroom and wish to look at their strengths and singularity which is present and seek to see how this is different from the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. From the information gathered, a thorough analysis will be made by the research worker, and the findings of the research could be the footing for the research worker to give suggestions for the improvement of Malayan scientific discipline course of study every bit good as to bridge the spread between these two course of studies. Research Questions Two research inquiries are as follows: What are the features of Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline category? How does the Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study differ from the Malayan Secondary Science Curriculum with regard to their aims, content, implementation/instruction, and evaluation/assessment? 1.4 Significance of the Study This research aims to look at the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. By making this, it will assist us to hold a clear image of how a course of study maps and at the same clip, it allows us to mensurate the success of the course of study. Many instructors have expressed their discontentedness over current jobs faced by the instructors and pupils in scientific discipline instruction, and the incrimination is normally on the ineffectualness of the course of study. This is an dismaying job as it could impact the figure of pupils who are interested in scientific discipline topics and if this happens, Malaysia will really rock from its attempts to accomplish Vision 2020. This comparative survey of the Malayan scientific discipline course of study and the Steiner scientific discipline course of study is important in recognizing our dreams of bring forthing human existences who know their ability and self-potential. This is the nucleus value stressed in the Steiner Waldorf ‘s course of study which aims to supply scholars with meaningful acquisition and turn them into deep scholar. Steiner Waldorf pupils are encouraged to bring forth originative thoughts and this indirectly nurtures the pupils to be critical minds. Therefore it is really important for the research worker to happen out in what aspects that the Malayan scientific discipline course of study can be improved by accommodating the Steiner Waldorf instruction. Hopefully, the findings of the comparative research will assist to better scientific discipline instruction in Malayan schools. 1.5 Research Restrictions Time restraint is the major restrictions of this research. The research worker believes it is ideal to hold longer clip for the research worker to roll up informations sing Steiner Waldorf instruction in United Kingdom, UK. Longer period of survey will able the research worker to make observations in greater deepness and visit more schools to be included in survey. Alternatively of clip restraint, pecuniary is besides one of the restrictions in this research. Since the research was funded by the university, the research worker has to finish the procedure of informations aggregation within the stipulated clip. However, what is done by the research worker is sufficient to hold a general image of the difference between the two course of studies. 1.6 Scope of Study The focal point of the research is merely to compare the Malayan instruction and Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study. This survey involved informations collected from one school in Plymouth and a Steiner Waldorf Department in University of Plymouth. Since this is a preliminary comparative survey of these two course of studies, focal point will briefly highlight the four parts of the course of study which is the aims, contents, execution and the appraisal of both course of studies. However, excess accent will be given on the execution and assessment process as compared to the first two parts in the course of study. Though it would hold been ideal to be able to transport out observation and interviews in more schools across the UK, these two chose are sufficient to give a clear preliminary image of what Steiner Waldorf instruction involves. 1.7 Operational Definition Malayan scientific discipline course of study Malayan scientific discipline course of study refers to science course of study which developed and implemented in Malaysia for secondary degree. However, in order to demo the continuance and the development or patterned advance of this course of study the research worker wills erstwhile high spots the scientific discipline course of study at the primary degree. Steiner Waldorf Education Steiner Waldorf Education refers to the instruction that founded by the Rudolf Steiner in 1919. This instruction is world-wide and does non refers or belong to a specific state. The portion of this instruction that being discourse in this research is its ‘ scientific discipline course of study. Science Education Science can be defined as â€Å" cognition attained through survey or pattern, † or â€Å" cognition covering general truths of the operation of general Torahs, particularly as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical universe. † It may besides mention as a system of geting cognition where the system uses observation and experimentation to depict and explicate about natural phenomena. Science besides term which can mention to the organized organic structure of cognition people has gained utilizing that system. Therefore, the term scientific discipline instruction that been utilizing in this research refers to the procedure of educating scientific discipline to the pupils or may refers to the field of scientific discipline itself. Which the field of scientific discipline in instruction that being discussed in this research covers the major subdivisions in scientific discipline such as biological science, natural philosophies, chemical science, general scientific discipline and natural scientific discipline. Beginning: Webster ‘s New Collegiate Dictionary cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencemadesimple.com 1.8 Decision As a decision, ‘review ‘ and ‘reform ‘ in Malayan scientific discipline course of study is necessary or possibly a demand as we refer to the current instruction ‘s status in Malaysia. It has been 53 old ages that Malaysia achieved its independency, and throughout the 53 old ages, Malaysia had gone through tonss of transmutation and alterations. However, the research worker believes that, in order for Malaysia to make to the degree of developed state, instruction should be the foundation of the aspiration. Education in Malaysia requires more alterations every bit good as ideal and realistic policies and execution, so that it will be able to bring forth human capitals that are scientific, knowing and competent. How to cite Constant changes or reforms, Essay examples

American Dream Essay Thesis Example For Students

American Dream Essay Thesis As we walk along the streets of San Francisco or any other place here in United States, we see different faces, faces that identify a persons ethnicity, religion, and sometimes personality. America is a country of immigrants either from Asia, Africa or Europe. People from all around the world have many ideas and concepts that associate with the words United States. Some people think of it in positive sense, hence the freedom and opportunities; others think of it negatively such as high taxes and the possible target of a terrorist attack. Many people migrate here in America in search for jobs and opportunities leaving their relatives and loved ones behind in search for a better tomorrow. Others migrate to escape the wars happening in their countries. They search for peace and security. Opportunity, freedom, peace and security is what people these days long for. These are the American dreams, but as we reflect upon these dreams, we must ponder and ask ourselves, Is America really the fulfillment of these dreams? Poverty is one of the biggest problems of our world today. We often see people pushing carts on the streets and sleeping under bridges. These people pick garbage in search for food to eat and cans to trade for money. America is no exception. Indeed, America is a land of opportunity, yet recently America hasnt been that fulfilling in sustaining the basic needs of people especially the poor. Massive layoffs have been occurring over these past months leaving many people homeless and hungry. Having enough opportunities is an American dream. We all know that having a job is the main source of income for everybody, although, education is one of the requirements in order to have a decent source of living. Having the opportunity to acquire sufficient knowledge that could better prepare a person to face the demanding world is one of the reasons students from all around the world migrate here in America. America is known for having a high standard of education and free tuition for public school from elementary to high school. This privilege is very important especially to the parents who cant earn enough money to support their childs needs. Surely free education and sufficient amount of job offers are an American dream. Early in the spring we see flowers blooming and birds soaring up in the clear blue sky, a sign of hope and freedom. For years, many people have fought for their freedom either from slavery or for justice, but this war still exists in this present day. The freedom of speech, religion, ownership of land and freedom to be treated with equality and justice are but some of the American dreams. Here in America, all people could express their ideas and thoughts like Martin Luther King. The government is democratic unlike in a monarchy; the people could vote or impeach a leader. People work for their own satisfaction and benefit every cent they earn. The money doesnt go to a single ruler who is already rich and doesnt even work. Here, people could also practice their own beliefs and traditions. Also America gives everybody the privilege to own land provided that they have money and adequate income. Here all people are equal. Whether rich or poor, people have equal opportunities to succeed. Truly, America is a salad bowl, every ingredient go together to produce a spectacular flavor, yet we could still differentiate each component, but sometimes a rotten ingredient is added that could affect the whole taste. In this case, prejudice and discrimination are the rotten ingredients. We could still remove this putrid component as long as people live together with peace and understanding. When people migrated, they didnt expect America to be perfect but they still hoped for the best. .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 , .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .postImageUrl , .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 , .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:hover , .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:visited , .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:active { border:0!important; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:active , .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716 .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua09cc19a06dae052242f70cf2b323716:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus EssayWars and conflict between nations cannot be avoided therefore a lot of people migrate in search for peace and security. Although America is sometimes involved in these wars, it is still know as an ideal place to live in for the government strives hard not to affect or endanger the lives of innocent people. Like in the tragedy of September 11, the government responded exceptionally. The government now has double the number of police to better procure every citizens welfare. The government also negotiates peace treaties to avoid war. Although peace and security are not fully attained here in America, people still hope that these dreams could still be attained in the near future. Eleanor Roosevelt once told, The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. This should be every Americans motto. American dreams could only be fulfilled as long as we believe in them and if everybody tries their best to attain them. Enough opportunities, a taste of freedom, peace and security are the American dreams and the fulfillment of these dreams are in the hands of every individual living here in the United States of America

The Hockey Sweater Essay Essay Example

The Hockey Sweater Essay Paper The Quebec Vexation The French speaking people of Quebec lived under heavy oppression in the 1950s and 60s. Many francophone people looking for work in Quebec cities were refused because of their French background. In areas such as Montreal, the francophone people were earning up to 50 percent less than their English speaking peers. There was a clear distinction between the quality of life for the English and the quality of life for the French. It was because of this distinction that the people of Quebec often resented the English and their ways of life. And it is from this resentment, the story The Hockey Sweater was written. The Hockey Sweater is a story told from the perspective of a young boy living in a small town in Quebec. He, like all the kids his age loved hockey, especially the Montreal Canadiens. He is so deeply loyal to his French heritage that he hates the Toronto Maple Leafs and anything about them for the sole reason that they are not French. Roch Carrier’s The Hockey Sweater is an allegory underlining the tensions found between Francophone and Anglophone Canadians. These tensions stem from Quebec’s economic reliance on the English, Quebec’s desire to maintain their culture and traditions, and the frustration demonstrated by Quebecers with regards to the language of Canada. The book The Hockey Sweater as well as the French economy in the 50s and 60s demonstrated a certain economic reliance on the English. In The Hockey Sweater, when the main character Roch needs a new sweater, his mother decides to order it from the Eaton’s catalogue. Now with Mr. Eaton being English, he sends a Toronto Maple Leafs jersey instead, greatly upsetting Roch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hockey Sweater Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hockey Sweater Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hockey Sweater Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Roch’s mother then refuses to send it back because she is afraid to offend Mr. Eaton. Quebec’s culture in the 1950’s and 60’s was very similar to this. When Quebec’s working class went out to find jobs, they found that many major Quebec companies were run by English speaking businessmen. By extension, this also meant that these businesses would favour those who could speak English. Even the French people who were able to find jobs found that what they earned was meagre compared to the English workers. Political activist Felix Leclerc described this phenomenon, writing, Our people are the water boys of their own country. Nevertheless, they were forced to deal with it because they simply had no other choice. Where were they going to work if not for the English speaking bureaucrats? Finding a job in other English speaking cities was even more difficult because being a distinct minority they were easy to manipulate to conform to the company’s needs. This led to frustration amongst the Quebecois, being unable to find a job in their own French speaking cities because they were French. The hockey sweater Roch was forced to accept is just like the jobs many Quebecers were forced to accept in that if they didn’t, they had no other place to go. Quebec, since its inception into Canada, has developed a culture greatly different from any other province. Over the years, a key part of this French way of life has been preserving their distinct culture and traditions. Quebec, with their completely different language and a more traditional religious denomination, has established themselves as a distinct society within the nation of Canada. The short story The Hockey Sweater has this theme of loyalty to the French traditions. The first page of The Hockey Sweater contains the line We lived in three places – the school, the church and the skating-rink – but our real life was on the skating-rink. The choice of the hockey rink as a center of life puts the setting of the story deep in Canadian culture. Throughout the story, the author, Roch Carrier, uses the Montreal Canadiens as a metaphor for the French and the Toronto Maple Leafs as a metaphor for the English. It is of the main character’s belief that the Montreal Canadiens, or in this case the French, are superior to his English speaking brethren. Stemming from this superiority complex comes the frustration of the French that they to live and work under the laws and policies that the English impose upon them. The Quebecois found that their cultures were too different to be placed on equal footing with the other provinces. This frustration with the other provinces eventually led to The Quiet Revolution and an attempt to separate from the rest of Canada. Up until the end of the 1960s, the French people of Quebec could be seen living as second-rate citizens in Canada. It wasn’t until 1969, that the Official Languages Act was passed by Pierre Elliot Trudeau giving both the English and French languages equal representation in Canadian parliament. Up until then, most documents written by the Canadian government and its affiliates were solely in English and did not recognize French as an official language. In The Hockey Sweater, the character of Mr. Eaton can be equated to the role of the Canadian government. The order forms provided in the Eaton’s catalogue were completely in English even though they were being shipped to a small French town in Quebec. This could be seen as the English speaking people of Canada imposing their language and culture upon Quebec in an almost assimilation-like manner. The lack of equality with regards to the French and English language pre- 1969 led to many people of Quebec feeling subservient to the rest of Canada. The language issue played a vital role in the story of The Hockey Sweater which led to great turmoil just as it did with Quebec’s culture during the 1950s and 60s. Quebec culture in the mid- 20th century was very different from any other province. Sporting a different language, find equality with the rest of Canada was often a struggle for the Quebecois. English run companies in Quebec had a tendency to take advantage of the French, using their language against them. Also, with having a unique society, it was always a challenge for the people of Quebec to follow â€Å"La survivance† and preserve their language and traditions. It is also of note that during the 50s and 60s, the French language had not been recognized as an official language of Canada with English residing as the language spoken by the majority of Canada. All of these things combined left a bitter taste in the mouths of the French. Roch Carrier’s The Hockey Sweater is a perfect metaphor for this, mirroring the struggles of an entire province in the tribulations of a young boy. The English or in this case the Toronto Maple Leafs had no place in Quebec and was shunned by the people of Quebec. The anti-Anglophone sentiments found in late 20th century Quebec can be witnessed as early as 1946 as in when The Hockey Sweater takes place which leaves the age old question; should Quebec separate from the rest of Canada? Works Cited Analysis of The Hockey Sweater. Academon. N. p. , 2008. Web. 26 May 2011. Bond, Karen. French as a Minority Language in Bilingual Canada. Karens Linguistics Issues. N. p. , October 2001. Web. 26 May 2011. Canada. Official Languages Act. , 1969. Web. 26 May 2011. Canada. The Quebec Question. † Encyclopaedia Britannica , Web. Claude, Belanger. The Quiet Revolution. Quebec History. Marianopolis College, 23 Newman, Garfield. Canada: a nation unfolding. 1st ed. Toronto, Ontario: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 297. Print. The Quiet Revolution. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 25 May. 2011. Vermette, David. La Survivance and Revolution: The Ideological History of a Remnant. A Franco-American and Quebecois History and Genealogy Site. David Gerard Vermette, April 22, 2006. Web. 26 May 2011.

Aviation Professionalism Essays

Aviation Professionalism Essays Aviation Professionalism Essay Aviation Professionalism Essay Aviation Professionalism The Qualifications, Attributes, Ethics, and Responsibilities of Aviation Professionals Yadvinder Singh ASCI – 202 Anthony Miller March 7, 2013 Once someone joins the Airlines industry as a professional, be it a pilot, a technician, or an air traffic controller, they are committing to a certain level of responsibility and expectation. In my experience I have come across professionals who I have felt suited their role to near perfection while others in the same position at times fall short of basic expectations. The issue of professionalism and responsibility in the airline industry has been in focus recently due to some recent events like the Northwest pilots flying past their destination airport, in-flight breakdowns and rants by pilots and flight attendants, and airline mergers. I feel that sometimes media speculation exaggerates the issues presented to society and highlights mistakes where the public gets the impression that these types of incidents and errors are taking place daily. The reality is that safety measures are an integral part of an airline worker’s training and major errors or incidents occur rather infrequently. At the same time, another reality is that a mistake made by an airline employee, whether pilot, technician, or air traffic controller runs the risk of being fatal and this is where the attributes and ethics of an individual come into play. Pilots are required to complete extensive training and log thousands of hours of flight time before they can land a job with the major carriers, so I feel the qualifications alone can be met by many but perhaps there needs to be some sort of training or measure of ethical behavior of an individual because that can help determine how they will treat the level of responsibility associated with their job. Most flights complete their course without incident and this can naturally cause someone to relax their mind or reflexes a little, but no flight should be treated with any negligence whatsoever. The incident with the Northwest flight (NY Times 2009) crew is an ideal example of this. The pilots had a combined flying experience of over 30,000 hours, yet they committed an error that resulted in a major embarrassment and which could have cost lives. The main cause cited for this blunder is that the pilots were distracted during flight because they were engaged in personal matters on their laptops, which is a violation of airline safety guidelines. Is the root reason for this incident just poor judgment and misbehavior of the pilots or perhaps not enough emphasis on responsibility in their training? The hundreds of hours of flight time required to be a pilot come with a hefty price, so anyone who is a pilot has surely proven their passion and persistence for flying. However, it’s a wonder that this same dedication doesn’t follow through for some once they’ve landed a job with a major carrier and I think it may be because the path is often so strenuous that getting a job itself is treated as the goal, when it actually is a stepping stone to really being a pilot. Air traffic controllers have also been in the news recently with incidents of suspicion that they are distracted and even sleeping on the job (USA Today, 2011). Here is a profession where mistakes are simply not allowed because the repercussions can very likely be fatal. I think there has to be a close monitoring of on the job behavior because the job itself runs the risk of complacency. It’s important to note that fatal incidents have been few and far between, but the risk is still great enough to warrant better oversight. A person who works as an air traffic controller needs to be one who is naturally very focused and detail oriented because the rules, the risks, the guidelines and need to be responsible and focused can be taught, but ultimately, this is behavior they have to showcase. Technicians are a group of people I’ve had several years of close working experience with as both a former technician and in my current role of Inspector. Unfortunately, the current crop of technicians are a group I find to be well intentioned, but without enough working experience as they’re often straight out of high school. This doesn’t mean they don’t possess the necessary attributes or approach to be successful and responsible technicians, because these are often the deciding factors but I think there needs to be more training and understanding of the great deal of responsibility they are taking on as technicians. Professionalism to me is a good mix of knowledge, a candid commitment to ones job, the disciplined passion, and the ability to make proper but sound judgments. To put it into simple terms Professionalism simply means doing the right thing, even when you have had a long day and also when you are not in some spotlight. Whether you are a pilot, a technician, or an air traffic controller or any employee in the aviation profession these attributes or qualities have to be considered in taking the professional approach in today’s aviation profession. Matthew L. Wald (2009, Oct 26). Off-Course Pilots Cite Computer Distraction. NY Times. Retrieved October 26, 2002 from nytimes. com/2009/10/27/us/27plane. html? _r=0 Alan Levin (2011, Apr 21). Recent air controller incidents no signs of crisis, experts say. Us Today. Retrieved April 21, 2011 from http://travel. usatoday. com/flights/story/2011/04/Recent-air-controller-incidents-no-sign-of-crisis-experts-say/46338056/1

XML-Based Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

XML-Based Project - Assignment Example Thereafter, using the transformation language XSLT, the information from within the XML document was to be extracted and presented differently depicting different scenarios. Oxygen XML Editor was used for the project. 3. Discussion A total of 7 webpages were taken from the Internet for the project. This section presents the reasons that motivated the various decisions that were taken during each stage of the project. 4. The Material Chosen The site is an informational site that lists down the companies falling in different application areas and where jobs can be hunted. The material chosen for the project were taken from the same site so there is a hierarchy in between the different web pages. Furthermore, the content on each page also follows a hierarchal structure that can be translated into relations. This would facilitate the markup language. The selected webpages covered the most commonly used elements of informational sites (i.e. headings, text, links, paragraphs, lists, etc.). This presented an opportunity of learning to encode the different elements into XML. Besides possessing a hierarchal structure of the selected pages, a repeating structure is also present in each page. This facilitates the marking up process. 5. The Document Analysis The first task was to analyze the documents and identify the manner and relation in which the data was presented in them. It was found that one page pre sented a list of companies categorized into their respective application areas. While the remaining 6 pages presented detail of 6 of these companies. So the relationship between the 7 documents was identified as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Tree Structure of Pages Within each of these pages, a pattern was found in the way the information was presented. Within the home page, there were categories, and list of companies in each category. Figure 2 Structure of Home Page In the remaining 6 pages, information regarding a company was presented under the related headings which exhibited a pattern. Some headings were common in all the 6 companies. Figure 3 Common Structure of About Pages Thus, the information from all the 7 pages was united and a tree structure was formed that represented the way portions of information were related to one another by the relationship of root, parent, child and siblings. Figure 4 Unified Tree Structure Once the document tree was identified, the document was m arked up accordingly into an XML file (guide.xml) where the leaves of the tree were presented as child elements with no children. Figure shows the tree structure of the XML formed. Figure 5 XML Tree Structure Once the skeleton XML was formed, the data was filled in. 6. Encoding Scheme The next task was to validate the XML against an encoding scheme. This is important as it defines the rulings for the structure of XML that all inputs must adhere to. Any entry made that is not in accordance to the scheme set, makes the XML invalid and it will not remain well-formed. Two options were present to validate the defined XML document against; XML DTD or XML Schema. Although both are standardized (so developers can understand them equally easily) and both the options deliver the same functionality yet there is a difference in their definition. DTD has the lowest definition of data as CDATA

Streptococcus pneumoniae Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Streptococcus pneumoniae - Research Paper Example The species name is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Luis Paster discovered the organism in 1800’s. At that time he named it Micrococcus Pasteur. In 1886 and 1920, the name of the organism changed to Pseumococcus and Diplococcus pneumoniae respectively. Finally, in 1974 the micro-organism name became the Streptococcus pneumoniae (Toder, 2012). The micro-organism is Gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile and lancet-shaped. Predominantly, the micro-organisms occur in pairs. However, they can form short and straight chains. The micro-organism has a capsule that serves as a protective layer to antibiotics. In addition, the capsule stains positive during Gram staining process. The diameter of individual cells measures 0.5 and 1.25 micrometers. The cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae comprises of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. The peptidoglycan component of the cell wall responds positively to Gram staining technique. This technique identifies and distinguishes different species in the genera streptococci. Steptococcus pneumoniae lacks the catalase activity. In addition, they are facultative anaerobes and metabolizes through lactic acid fermentation (Toder, 2012). There are more than 90 highly antigenic capsular serotypes differentiated in the types of presenting antigen in the capsule. Antibodies to specific types of serotypes are protective. The features responsible for pathogenic nature of organism are innumerable. These include presence of pro-inflammatory cell wall components (C-polysaccharides and F-antigen), IgA2 protease, pneumolysin, adhesins, and enzymes that damages tissue. Pneumolysin is a cytotoxin that stimulates immune response and adhesin bind to cell surface carbohydrates. Some of examples of adhesin include choline binding protein A, and the pneumococcal surface protein A [PspA]. The micro-organism incorporates the genetic material of other micro-organism through a process of transformation. The presence of F-antigen helps in acquiring of genetic material from different sources. Therefore, it means that the organism can change from one serotype to the other. This is quite significant to the development of resistance to antibi otics in the organism. It increases the virulence of the organism. The increasing severity of micro-organism is attributed to its ability to assume different shapes. When the organism acquires genetic material with genes of resistance to antibiotics, it replicates to resist the host defense mechanism. The virulence in these micro-organisms is associated with the capsular material. The capsule resists the hosts’ phagocytosis mechanism thereby surviving and multiplying in the host tissues. The virulence factors of the micro-organism include surface protein A. autolysin, and immunoglobulin A (Toder, 2012). Streptococci pneumoniae are found in the host’s upper airways, nose, or throat. They are part of normal flora in human beings. However, the organism becomes infectious depending on the immunity status of the host. In the immune comprised host, they cause some of the deadly diseases that include pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, peritonitis, and bacte remia. These are diseases of upper and lower respiratory tract. When in the host tissues, pneumococcal undergoes genetic changes that convert the colonies from opaque to transparent ones. However, the rate is very low in number; it is 1 in 105 micro-organisms. The transparent colony is best adapted for proliferation in the nasopharynx. The opaque colonies thrive very well in the host’s blood. The opaque colonies increase their virulence during systemic infections. These differences in

Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing Practice

Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing Practice Nurses are expected to provide the best standards of care possible for their patients and clients, and in order to do this, they are required to provide evidence-based practice wherever possible. Part of this process of providing care based on the best available evidence involves appraising primary research (Elliott, 2001, p 555). If nurses are to improve their practice, and apply evidence to improve their clinical and theoretical knowledge and skills, they must be able to assess the quality of the available research which is relevant to their practice (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003k p23; Hek, 2000, p 19). According to Hek (2000 p 19-21), evidence based practice incorporates professional expertise, patient need and preference, and the best available evidence. But in order to identify this best evidence, the nurse must undertake an evaluation and critical review of research studies, to see if the research is useful and of sufficient quality to be applied to their practice (Fink, 2005). This essay evaluates a quantitative research article which has relevance to nursing practice, because it deals with a chronic condition and one which is prevalent in worldwide populations. The author will review Tangkawanich et al (2008 p 216) Causal model of health: health-related quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS in the northern region of Thailand. This article is published in a reputable journal, The Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences which addresses issues of interest and concern to nurses internationally, and as such, offers specific insight into HIV/AIDS and nursing within a global context. There are a number of appraisal tools available to healthcare practitioners to assist them in analysing and critiquing primary research articles. Such models are developed over time in relation to standardised conceptualisations of what constitutes quality and rigour in research and in its reporting. For the purposes of this essay, the primary tool used is that proposed by Cormack (2000), but the author will make reference to other critiquing guides and information, including the popular CASP tool (PHRU, 2009, online) Discussion 1. Title The title is concise (Cormack, 2000) and describes the focus of the research itself. While it clearly indicates what the purpose of the study was (Cormack, 2000), it could be clearer and more indicative of the nature of the study. While the nature of the research in setting out to examine the causal relationships between age, antriretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies and health related quality of life (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) in the chosen sample and population, is apparent in the abstract, there is little indication of these particular variables in the title, although the description of the causal model (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) does indicate the nature of the research. The use of the word causal (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) also suggests that this is a quantitative research article. It does not clearly indicate the research approach used (Cormack, 2000). To the less research-aware reader, it would be difficult to divine t his information from the title alone, and it could be argued that it would be better to include in this title a clearer indication of the nature of the study. This would then help the reader to identify if this is the type of research study that would be applicable to their own practice or learning. 2. Authors The authors qualifications are provided, and they all are registered nurses, all of which have postgraduate degrees, and two of which have doctorates. They all work within nursing education within a University context. This would suggest that they have the research skills and expertise to carry out such a study. However, there is no indication in the author list whether or not any of them have the statistical expertise for the study. 3. Abstract Tangkawanich et al, (2008 p 216) provide an abstract, which is identified by Cormack (2000) as an important introduction to the article. The study effectively summarises the research, by identifying the variables being tested. The authors do not, however, present the hypothesis in the abstract (Cormack, 2000). The abstract contains a summary of the study sample, and also identifies the research tools that have been used. They include the results and a summary of conclusions from these findings. As such, the abstract does represent the article itself (PHRU, 2009, online), and for the reader, it does make it easy to identify whether or not the article is relevant to their interest. In particular, it does indicate clearly that it is a quantitative paper which uses recognisable data collection tools. 4. Introduction and Literature Review Although Cormack (2000) separates these two into distinct subheadings, within this article, the introduction and literature review are contiguous. The author has noted that this is often the case in the reporting of such studies, but this may simply be a convention of the publication itself, and not the preference of the authors of the study. The authors use the introduction to contextualise the problem in relation to published research, stating the importance of health-related quality of life (HRQL) for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), because of the impact of the disease on these individuals daily lives (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). They discuss changes and advances in treatment options for this condition, and relate this to HRQL, and then discuss the disease itself, and how these impact upon HRQL (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). They summarise some research about this topic, and also look at self-care strategies, symptom management and treatment (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). There is some exploration of HRQL and its relationship to nursing and to existing literature on this topic, which aids understanding of the concept prior to reading the rest of the article. They highlight some important topics in relation to the focus of the article, including treatment, social support, and other issues (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). Although the introduction/literature review contextualises and introduces this study, this author believes that a more detailed critical analysis of the literature would be warranted here. It is not enough to cite previous research as a means of establishing the credentials of the study, as it were. A wider range of research could have been included Gerrish and Lacey, 2006, 38; Fontana, 2004, p 93), and this research could have been evaluated to identify its quality. It is left to the reader to pursue this matter and determine the quality of the research upon which they base the premise and justification for this study. This could be considered a limitation in the reporting of this research. 5. The Hypothesis The authors do not state a hypothesis (Cormack, 2000), as such, but instead present a research question. The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies, and the HRQL in Thai PLWHA (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). The nature of this statement would suggest that it is not an experimental study, but that it is within a quantitative research paradigm. 6. Operational definitions Cormack (2000) suggests that people appraising research question whether operational definitions are clearly presented. In this study, operational definitions are explained within the introduction but in language that would make it inaccessible to the less experienced or less knowledgeable reader. 7. Methodology The methodology section does not clearly state or discuss the choice of a quantitative approach (Cormack, 2000). The focus of the section on Methods is rather on the instruments that are being used. The quality of this study seems to rest in the choice of a quantitative approach, and the choice of data collection instruments. Quantitative research approaches offer a better standards of evidence, with generally greater ability for replication and greater rigour (Kitson et al, 2000 p 149; Duffy, 2005, p 233). As far as research for healthcare practice is concerned, quantitative studies hold better status than those based with a qualitative paradigm (Hek, 2000 p 19; Newman et al, 1998 p 231; Pepler et al, 2006, p 23). There is however no real discussion of the underpinning principles of quantitative research (Parahoo, 2006). It is good that the research instruments are explained in such detail, because it helps overcome one of the limitations of quantitative research, that of not asking the right questions to elicit answers that relate to person al experience (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004 p 14). 8. Subjects There is very limited detail given of sample selection, save stating that eight hospitals were randomly selected using a lottery method without replacement and that the 422 participants were randomly sampled (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). This could constitute a limitation of this research, as it is not possible to identify if there was any sampling bias, how participants were recruited, who recruited them, and any ethical issues in relation to participant recruitment (Hek, 2000, p 20; PHRU, 2009, online, Bowling, 2002). This author would argue that this is a weakness of the study, as these are crucial elements of quality measurement in primary research within healthcare (Austin, 2001 p 1; Cooper, 2006, p 439; Nuremberg Code, 1949, online). 9. Sample selection Sample selection is not discussed in any detail, which could be a weakness of the study, as mentioned above (Cormack, 2000). Sample size is stated, but it is not stated whether this was statistically determined, which could also be considered a weakness, as achieving a statistically sound sample size is important within quantitative research (Daggett et al, 2005, p 255; Donovan, 2002). 10. Data Collection Data collection procedures are not adequately described in this study (Cormack, 2000). This would be problematic for replication and for rigour. There is no indication who administered the questionnaires, whether or not they were self-report in the participants own time and convenience, or whether a researcher was present at the time of completion. This could be considered a weakness of this studys reporting. The issue of researcher bias is important in the completion of data collection tools, and while questionnaires may be considered a way of avoiding this, if they are remotely administered, it is not always possible to check they are full, or honest, or completed by the intended target (Gillham, 2000, p 48). Having the researcher present, however, could introduce bias or influence of some kind, particularly in vulnerable people (Bowling, 2001). As these are vulnerable adults attending clinics for their chronic condition, not discussion how the data was collected from them is a ser ious failing and may also constitute an ethical issue. However, a strength of this study could be considered to be the use of multiple data collection instruments, and the detail with which they are described, and their provenance accounted for. They have used the Social Support Questionniare, the Symptom Experience Questionnaire, the Self-Care Strategies Questionnaire, and the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). These are described in detail, and where they are based on previously developed research or derived directly from previous studies, this is also described. As these are established research data collection tools, this would suggest they have been previously validated, which adds to the quality of the research (Yu and Cooper, 1983 p 36; Oppenheim, 1992; McDowell and Newell, 1996; McColl et al, 2001 p 1). The demographics of the sample are addressed to some extent, and the use of multiple tools also helps to address potential confounding variables or factors (PHRU, 2009, online). 11. Ethical Considerations It is clearly stated within the study that ethical approval was derived from an appropriate body, and that informed consent was achieved, both of which signify good ethical consideration here (Cormack, 2000). However, there is no explanation of what information was given to the participants, how informed consent was achieved, or if there was any issue with communication or accessibility for people with different communication needs. It does not specifically address issues of anonymity and confidentiality (Cormack, 2000), but instead seems to focus on safety (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218). 12. Results The results of this study are presented in tables, diagrams, and in great detail within the text of the paper. The key results and demographic issues are presented, but data presentation is summarised in a results section and then in more detail in the discussion. The findings are not very accessible, but p values are clearly stated, which is important in a study of this kind. PHRU (2009, online), within the CASP tool, poses the question of do you believe the results?. This is an important question. The results seem plausible, and relate to established statistical analysis procedures (see below). But because of the lack of detail about the sample, and the selection method, it is not possible to eradicate the doubts about these findings, in relation to potential bias. But in the context of the authors wider knowledge and understanding about people living with HIV/AIDS, the results seem believable. However, the issue of bias cannot be overlooked. More transparency in reporting of key e lements of this study would have made it easier to determine whether these results constitute good evidence for practice (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999 p 317; Pepler et al, 2006, p 23). 12. Data analysis The authors carried out the statistical analyses using SPSS, which is an established statistical programme, and LISREL, which is not a programme this author is familiar with. They describe generating descriptive statistics for each of the variables under consideration, but do not present these in any detail (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218). They then describe the use of multivariate analysis for specific model development, and using other tests, some of which are familiar to the author, some of which are not. While the multivariate analysis and X2 tests are acceptable tests of inference or relationships between variables (Duff, 2005 p 234), anyone who does not have the specialist knowledge of the other tests would find it hard to determine their appropriateness here. The level of specialist statistical knowledge required to understand this would be significant. More transparency could have been achieved by including an explanation of these tests. 13. Discussion The discussion appears quite balanced (Cormack, 2000), and is very detailed, which is good, given the complexity of this study, involving as it does multiple data collection instruments. The study relates the findings back to a wide range of other research studies, which is a strength of this part of the report, showing congruence with many other findings in relation to quality of life, age, socioeconomic status, social support, antiretroviral treatment, symptoms, and self-care (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 219). Limitations of the study are also acknowledged (Cormack, 2000). However, the implications for practice are presented in a separate section. 14. Conclusions The conclusion supports the results obtained (Cormack, 2000), although it is not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings. However, this is referred to in the Implications and Recommendations section. (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). 15. Recommendations The authors of this study suggest that social support would have the strongest effect on HRQL(Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 220). They recommend a wide range of strategies to support this, and also look at all the other factors, making recommendations for improving care for this patient population. These are all consistent with the study. However, the only recommendation for future research is that it should be longitudinal rather than cross-sectional (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). Conclusion It is apparent from this study that social and other factors have a serious impact upon the lived experience and quality of life of the target population. It is also apparent that social factors may outweigh medical factors, other than in the provision of antiretroviral therapies for these patients. It would appear, therefore, that understanding these factors and the relationships between them could improve nursing and healthcare practice for people living with HIV/AIDS. However, this author would also conclude that because of some methodological and reporting weaknesses in this study, it would be better to find other research confirming these findings before using it as evidence for practice.

Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management Essay

Today’s classrooms are more dynamic than ever before. Educational needs of students are changing at breakneck speeds, along with the demands being placed on their teachers. There are associated legal and ethical implications that are evolving as rapidly as the technology that is driving a lot of the change. In order to have a chance to meet the needs of students and legal/ethical obligations, educators must have well developed classroom management techniques. These can get tricky quite often and require balancing the increasingly diverse needs of many different people. To be an effective teacher today is extremely difficult for these reasons. This essay will examine some of the current issues that teachers are exposed to in today’s classrooms by summarizing four journal articles and responding to them. The specific issues will be free speech and what it means in a school setting, cell phones in classrooms, bullying (specifically of students with disabilities), and gender specific dress codes. Freedom of Speech The issue addressed in the first article summary is freedom of speech and how it is interpreted in a public school setting in relation to the distribution of religious materials. This is really not a new topic of debate. Current precedents have been set in court cases dating as far back as1969 and the Tinker vs. Desmoines case. In that case, the court decision reads that, in order to prohibit any students’ expression of opinion, the school must provide evidence to support the fact that the actions being suppressed would be significantly disruptive (Essex, 2006). Because it is an issue of ongoing debate there are cases still being heard all over the country. This article is specifically in response to a case in the New York Supreme Court, where a student was prohibited from distributing religious fliers on school property. The question is, why was the student prevented from expressing her opinion in the first place. According to Essex (2006), one of the requirements placed on schools is that they remain viewpoint neutral. This means that if the literature was suppressed because it was religious in nature, the suppression violated her First Amendment rights, even in the school setting. In all court cases, the real message has been that schools are responsible for making sure parents and students are aware that the schools are merely sending messages indiscriminately from religious and non-secular sources and that they are not in support of any of them (Essex, 2006). Really the essence of the article is that sound policies must be in place, well documented, and consistently followed for a school to be able to regulate what a student says or distributes and there must be no endorsement of any particular ideas from any group or student. Cell phones The next topic of discussion is cell phones in classrooms. The article being summarized is entitled The Only Thing We Have to Fear is†¦120 Characters. In this article, Kevin Thomas and Christy McGee (2012) make arguments for the use of cellphones in classrooms in spite of the fact that 69% have banned them. This paper responds to the many reasons for disallowing their use, and then it goes on to highlight some ideas about why cell phones should be used as educational tools. Both sides of the discussion certainly make valid points. If 69% schools have taken students cell phones away, there must be some reasons. Thomas & Mcgee (2012) identified and responded to four commonly offered rationales, including misuse for cheating, replacing Standard English with textese, sexting, and cyberbulling. It seems rather obvious that these are negative side effects of the technology, however there are also positive results that can be attributed to the use of cell phones. Today, they are relatively affordable and powerful miniature computers. When used properly, the possibilities for better use of time are astonishing. According to Thomas and McGee (2012), teachers need to be modeling appropriate behavior with their portable electronic devices and taking advantage of the benefits because the technology is not the cause of the problems. The problems being associated with cell phones all existed in some form, long before modern technology. Thomas Diamates (2010) reports that courts have supported schools in their efforts to ban cell phone use as long as the school follow established procedures. Bullying The third topic has to do with bullying, specifically students with disabilities. These students stand out in the classroom, as they are â€Å"different† and so they are subjects of increased abuse from fellow students (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012). Schools and teachers have an obligation to provide students with disabilities a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004). This paper looks at the findings in several court cases to establish what is required of teachers in situations where students with disabilities are being bullied. What this article shows is that there are an increasing number of suits against school where disabled children are being bullied. The interpretation of what is considered an appropriate education, and whether or not the school took proper preventative/disciplinary steps in light of the bullying are the reasons for these suits. The findings of this study provide evidence that the courts will generally side with schools that have taken and documented actions to alleviate the harassment. In Brown vs. Monroe County Board of Education (1999), the Supreme Court ruled that for a school to be liable, it must receive federal funds, it must have been aware of and acted â€Å"deliberately indifferent† to the harassment, and the bullying must have been severe enough to deprive educational opportunity (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012). Basically, schools must make an adequate effort to alleviate the harassment in order to limit their liability, and this has been upheld by the courts in cases like Werth v. Board of Directors (2007), and Biggs v. Board of Education (2002). Dress codes The last article on the list takes a look at how and why public schools can or cannot implement gender based dress codes. Proponents of dress codes list reasons including less distractions, less pressure to dress right, safety, and lower cost to families. Opponents say that dress codes take away students expressive rights, which are already severely limited in school settings. In this particular case, Ceara Sturgis had her picture and name removed from her senior yearbook because she is a lesbian who was more comfortable wearing the school prescribed male outfit. The current question is whether or not this is in violation of her civil liberties. Historically the courts have upheld the rights of schools to implement dress codes with very few exceptions. In Blau v. Fort Thomas Public School District (2005), a father brought suit against the school for violating 1st and 14th amendment rights with their dress code. The court found no violation of rights since â€Å"it is not related to suppression of the content of expression, it furthers a substantial government interest, and it does not burden substantially more speech than is necessary to further that interest† (Dowling-Sender, p. 34, 2005). On the other side of the coin, in United States vs. Virginia (1996), schools were required to show a â€Å"legitimate and important† reason for any gender based restrictions (Smith, 2012). In Ceara’s case, the school is going to have to show that it meets all these criteria, and the outcome has some potentially far reaching consequences. What all this means is that teaching in todays classrooms must be dynamic. Teachers need to be aware of their ever-changing legal and ethical obligations as educators. Decisions must be based on sound judgment and carefully documented observations. Teachers, students, and parents must work together and communicate with each other to create the best possible learning environment for everyone.